Pakistan–Afghanistan Relations: Conflict and Its Possible Solutions

Abstract

This study examines the persistent conflict in Pakistan–Afghanistan relations and explores pathways for future cooperation. Using a qualitative approach, it applies thematic content analysis to thirty news articles, ten each from Dawn, Afghanistan Times, and BBC, selected through purposive sampling. The analysis identifies key themes, including cross-border militancy, refugee crises, border disputes, securitization of migration, and trade disruptions, which underscore the deep interdependence of both states. Barry Buzan’s Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) is used as the analytical framework to explain how insecurity in one country spills over into the other, reinforcing mistrust and confrontation. Findings show that Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) militancy, refugee deportations, and contested border management remain the major drivers of tension. However, cooperation in trade, infrastructure development, and humanitarian responses can provide avenues for peace. The study concludes that moving beyond securitized narratives and adopting cooperative strategies is essential for building sustainable peace and regional stability.

Keywords: Pakistan–Afghanistan relations, cross-border militancy, refugee crises, securitization, Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), regional stability.