The Age–Depression Relationship In Peshawar: Linear And Non-Linear Analytical Perspectives

Abstract

Depression is a major global mental health concern and remains insufficiently explored across different age groups in many developing regions, including Pakistan. Understanding how depressive symptoms vary across the lifespan is essential for designing age-appropriate prevention and intervention strategies. This study aims to examine the relationship between age and depression among adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults living in Peshawar. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 400 participants aged 15 years and above, representing diverse sociodemographic backgrounds. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a widely validated screening tool, was used to assess depressive symptoms. The study adopts both linear and non-linear analytical approaches to understand how age influences depression and whether certain life stages are associated with elevated psychological distress. By exploring age-specific patterns, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of mental health trends in the local context and highlights the importance of tailored mental health services. The findings aim to guide policymakers, clinicians, and mental health practitioners in developing age-sensitive strategies that address the unique emotional, social, and psychological challenges encountered at different stages of life. Overall, this study provides a foundation for informed public health planning and supports the need for further mental health research in Peshawar and similar settings.